无监督的域适应性（DA）中的主要挑战是减轻源域和目标域之间的域移动。先前的DA工作表明，可以使用借口任务来通过学习域不变表示来减轻此域的转移。但是，实际上，我们发现大多数现有的借口任务对其他已建立的技术无效。因此，我们从理论上分析了如何以及何时可以利用子公司借口任务来协助给定DA问题的目标任务并制定客观的子公司任务适用性标准。基于此标准，我们设计了一个新颖的贴纸干预过程和铸造贴纸分类的过程，作为监督的子公司DA问题，该问题与目标任务无监督的DA同时发生。我们的方法不仅改善了目标任务适应性能，而且还促进了面向隐私的无源DA，即没有并发源目标访问。标准Office-31，Office-Home，Domainnet和Visda基准的实验证明了我们对单源和多源无源DA的优势。我们的方法还补充了现有的无源作品，从而实现了领先的绩效。

传统的域适应性（DA）技术旨在通过学习领域不变表示来改善域的可传递性；同时保留从标记的源数据中收集的任务歧义性知识。但是，同时访问标签源和未标记的目标的要求使其不适合无源的无源DA设置。实现有效原件到通用域映射的微不足道的解决方案可改善可转移性，但会降低任务可区分性。从理论和经验的角度分析障碍后，我们得出了新颖的见解，以表明原始和相应的翻译通用样品之间的混合会增强可区分性可转移性权衡，同时适当尊重以隐私为导向的无源源环境。在现有的无源DA方法之上，简单但有效地实现了所提出的见解，可产生最先进的性能，并更快地收敛。除了单源外，我们还胜过分类和语义分割基准的多源先验艺术。

众所周知，歌曲和诗歌的翻译不仅破坏节奏和押韵模式，而且导致语义信息丢失。 Bhagavad Gita是一个古老的印度教哲学文本，最初是梵语，在Mahabharata战争之前，克里希纳和阿尔纳之间的谈话具有谈话。 Bhagavad Gita也是印度教的关键神圣文本之一，被称为印度教的吠陀语料库的最前沿。在过去的两个世纪里，西方学者对印度教哲学有很多兴趣，因此Bhagavad Gita已经翻译了多种语言。但是，没有多少工作验证了英语翻译的质量。最近由深度学习提供的语言模型的进展，不仅能够翻译，而是更好地了解语言和语义和情感分析。我们的作品受到深入学习方法供电的语言模型的最新进展。在本文中，我们使用语义和情绪分析比较Bhagavad Gita的选定翻译（主要来自梵语到英语）。我们使用手工标记的情绪数据集进行调整，用于调整已知为\ Textit的最先进的基于深度学习的语言模型{来自变压器的双向编码器表示}（BERT）。我们使用小说嵌入模型来为跨翻译的选定章节和经文提供语义分析。最后，我们使用上述模型进行情绪和语义分析，并提供结果可视化。我们的结果表明，虽然各自的Bhagavad Gita翻译中的风格和词汇量广泛变化，但情绪分析和语义相似性表明，传达的消息在整个翻译中大多相似。

Real-world datasets exhibit imbalances of varying types and degrees. Several techniques based on re-weighting and margin adjustment of loss are often used to enhance the performance of neural networks, particularly on minority classes. In this work, we analyze the class-imbalanced learning problem by examining the loss landscape of neural networks trained with re-weighting and margin-based techniques. Specifically, we examine the spectral density of Hessian of class-wise loss, through which we observe that the network weights converge to a saddle point in the loss landscapes of minority classes. Following this observation, we also find that optimization methods designed to escape from saddle points can be effectively used to improve generalization on minority classes. We further theoretically and empirically demonstrate that Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM), a recent technique that encourages convergence to a flat minima, can be effectively used to escape saddle points for minority classes. Using SAM results in a 6.2\% increase in accuracy on the minority classes over the state-of-the-art Vector Scaling Loss, leading to an overall average increase of 4\% across imbalanced datasets. The code is available at: https://github.com/val-iisc/Saddle-LongTail.

Semantic segmentation works on the computer vision algorithm for assigning each pixel of an image into a class. The task of semantic segmentation should be performed with both accuracy and efficiency. Most of the existing deep FCNs yield to heavy computations and these networks are very power hungry, unsuitable for real-time applications on portable devices. This project analyzes current semantic segmentation models to explore the feasibility of applying these models for emergency response during catastrophic events. We compare the performance of real-time semantic segmentation models with non-real-time counterparts constrained by aerial images under oppositional settings. Furthermore, we train several models on the Flood-Net dataset, containing UAV images captured after Hurricane Harvey, and benchmark their execution on special classes such as flooded buildings vs. non-flooded buildings or flooded roads vs. non-flooded roads. In this project, we developed a real-time UNet based model and deployed that network on Jetson AGX Xavier module.

The problem of generating an optimal coalition structure for a given coalition game of rational agents is to find a partition that maximizes their social welfare and is known to be NP-hard. This paper proposes GCS-Q, a novel quantum-supported solution for Induced Subgraph Games (ISGs) in coalition structure generation. GCS-Q starts by considering the grand coalition as initial coalition structure and proceeds by iteratively splitting the coalitions into two nonempty subsets to obtain a coalition structure with a higher coalition value. In particular, given an $n$-agent ISG, the GCS-Q solves the optimal split problem $\mathcal{O} (n)$ times using a quantum annealing device, exploring $\mathcal{O}(2^n)$ partitions at each step. We show that GCS-Q outperforms the currently best classical solvers with its runtime in the order of $n^2$ and an expected worst-case approximation ratio of $93\%$ on standard benchmark datasets.

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the form of an interpretable and semiautomatic approach to stage grading ocular pathologies such as Diabetic retinopathy, Hypertensive retinopathy, and other retinopathies on the backdrop of major systemic diseases. The experimental study aims to evaluate an explainable staged grading process without using deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) directly. Many current CNN-based deep neural networks used for diagnosing retinal disorders might have appreciable performance but fail to pinpoint the basis driving their decisions. To improve these decisions' transparency, we have proposed a clinician-in-the-loop assisted intelligent workflow that performs a retinal vascular assessment on the fundus images to derive quantifiable and descriptive parameters. The retinal vessel parameters meta-data serve as hyper-parameters for better interpretation and explainability of decisions. The semiautomatic methodology aims to have a federated approach to AI in healthcare applications with more inputs and interpretations from clinicians. The baseline process involved in the machine learning pipeline through image processing techniques for optic disc detection, vessel segmentation, and arteriole/venule identification.

Differentially private deep learning has recently witnessed advances in computational efficiency and privacy-utility trade-off. We explore whether further improvements along the two axes are possible and provide affirmative answers leveraging two instantiations of \emph{group-wise clipping}. To reduce the compute time overhead of private learning, we show that \emph{per-layer clipping}, where the gradient of each neural network layer is clipped separately, allows clipping to be performed in conjunction with backpropagation in differentially private optimization. This results in private learning that is as memory-efficient and almost as fast per training update as non-private learning for many workflows of interest. While per-layer clipping with constant thresholds tends to underperform standard flat clipping, per-layer clipping with adaptive thresholds matches or outperforms flat clipping under given training epoch constraints, hence attaining similar or better task performance within less wall time. To explore the limits of scaling (pretrained) models in differentially private deep learning, we privately fine-tune the 175 billion-parameter GPT-3. We bypass scaling challenges associated with clipping gradients that are distributed across multiple devices with \emph{per-device clipping} that clips the gradient of each model piece separately on its host device. Privately fine-tuning GPT-3 with per-device clipping achieves a task performance at $\epsilon=1$ better than what is attainable by non-privately fine-tuning the largest GPT-2 on a summarization task.

In reinforcement learning (RL), the ability to utilize prior knowledge from previously solved tasks can allow agents to quickly solve new problems. In some cases, these new problems may be approximately solved by composing the solutions of previously solved primitive tasks (task composition). Otherwise, prior knowledge can be used to adjust the reward function for a new problem, in a way that leaves the optimal policy unchanged but enables quicker learning (reward shaping). In this work, we develop a general framework for reward shaping and task composition in entropy-regularized RL. To do so, we derive an exact relation connecting the optimal soft value functions for two entropy-regularized RL problems with different reward functions and dynamics. We show how the derived relation leads to a general result for reward shaping in entropy-regularized RL. We then generalize this approach to derive an exact relation connecting optimal value functions for the composition of multiple tasks in entropy-regularized RL. We validate these theoretical contributions with experiments showing that reward shaping and task composition lead to faster learning in various settings.

Causal phenomena associated with rare events frequently occur across a wide range of engineering and mathematical problems, such as risk-sensitive safety analysis, accident analysis and prevention, and extreme value theory. However, current methods for causal discovery are often unable to uncover causal links between random variables that manifest only when the variables first experience low-probability realizations. To address this issue, we introduce a novel algorithm that performs statistical independence tests on data collected from time-invariant dynamical systems in which rare but consequential events occur. We seek to understand if the state of the dynamical system causally affects the likelihood of the rare event. In particular, we exploit the time-invariance of the underlying data to superimpose the occurrences of rare events, thus creating a new dataset, with rare events are better represented, on which conditional independence tests can be more efficiently performed. We provide non-asymptotic bounds for the consistency of our algorithm, and validate the performance of our algorithm across various simulated scenarios, with applications to traffic accidents.